Authors
Hamideh Salimzadeh PhD1, Hamid Najafipour PhD2, Fatemeh Mirzaiepour MD3,
Soodabeh Navadeh MD, MPH4, Mitra Shadkam-Farrokhi MS5, Ali Mirzazadeh MD, MPH, PhD6
Affiliations
Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Affiliations
1- Assistant Professor, Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Professor, Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3- Associate Professor, Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of
Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
4- PhD Candidate, Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA AND Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5- Researcher, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University
of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
6- Assistant Professor, Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA AND Physiology Research Center,
Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Correspondence to: Ali Mirzazadeh MD, MPH, PhD, Email: ali.mirzazadeh@ucsf.edu
Abstract
Background: Smoking is one of the major modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Our aim
was to report the pattern of active and passive smoking using the data collected through a population-base
household survey in Kerman, Iran [(KERCADRS) Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study].
Methods: Using a cluster random sampling design, we recruited 5900 adult persons (15-75 years old) into our
survey. After consenting, every participant was interviewed by a trained interviewer. The section for smoking
included questions about daily (smoking at least one cigarette per day), non-daily, past and passive cigarette
smoking as well as the duration of the exposure. We used Kerman population distribution (as the target
population) to adjust our estimates using direct standardization method.
Findings: Overall, 8.3% of study participants (15.5% in men vs. 0.8% in women, P = 0.010) reported
themselves as daily smokers and an additional 1.7% (2.9% in men vs. 0.4% in women, P = 0.010) as nondaily smokers. The passive smoking was common in total (27.5%), while women experienced more exposure
than men (30.1% vs. 25.0%, P = 0.010). In daily smokers, 3.2% smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day.
Among passive smokers, 62.6% were exposed to cigarette smoke more than 6 days per week.
Conclusion: Smoking is pretty common among adult populations, particularly in men. A majority of tobaccofree young adult women are exposed to passive smoking. Age and gender oriented interventions are required to
change this risk pattern in Kerman community to prevent from further smoking related morbidities and
mortalities.
Keywords: Cigarette smoking, Active smoking, Passive smoking, Coronary artery disease risk factors